Alternariol 9-methyl ether from the endophytic fungus Alternaria sp. Samif01 and its bioactivities

Abstract One bioactive compound, identified as alternariol 9-methyl ether, was isolated from the crude extract of the endophytic fungus Alternaria sp. Samif01 residing in the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Alternariol 9-methyl ether was active against bacteria with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 25 to 75 µg/mL and median inhibitory concentration (IC50) values ranging from 16.00 to 38.27 µg/mL. The IC50 value of alternariol 9-methyl ether against spore germination of Magnaporthe oryzae was 87.18 µg/mL. Alternariol 9-methyl ether also showed antinematodal activity against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and Caenorhabditis elegans with IC50 values of 98.17 µg/mL and 74.62 µg/mL, respectively. This work is the first report on alternariol 9-methyl ether and its biological activities from the endophytic fungus Alternaria sp. Samif01 derived from S. miltiorrhiza Bunge. The results indicate the potential of Alternaria sp. Samif01 as a source of alternariol 9-methyl ether and also support that alternariol 9-methyl ether is a natural compound with high potential bioactivity against microorganisms.

Feohifomicosis causada por Colletotrichum gloeosporioides y Alternaria infectoria en un paciente trasplantado renal / Phaeohyphomycosis caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Alternaría infectoria in renal transplant recipient

Several species of black fungi have been reported as agents of subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis. Although most of these fungi are considered opportunistic pathogens, they play an important role in phaeohyphomycosis, a disease considered an emergent mycosis among solid organ recipients. We report a case of phaeohyphomycosis caused by Alternaria infectoria of the left hand and the 4th finger of the right hand of a 68-year-old male who underwent a renal transplant 35 months before. The lesion was treated with surgical excision. One year later, the patient presented a new lesion on the 5th finger of the right hand, but this time caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides that was also removed surgically. Both lesions did not relapse after being removed. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed against five antifungal drugs (amphotericin B, itraconazole, flucytosine, fluconazole and voriconazole). Alternaria infectoria was resistant to all five drugs and C. gloeosporioides was sensitive only to amphotericin B and voriconazole. We emphasize the need of histopathologic and microbiologic studies of new lesions of phaeohyphomycosis, since in this case the same patient was infected twice by two different fungi.

Diversas especies de hongos negros han sido descritos como agentes de feohifomicosis subcutáneas. A pesar que la gran mayoría de estos se consideran como oportunistas, juegan un papel importante en la feohifomicosis, enfermedad considerada una micosis emergente en pacientes trasplantados de órganos sólidos. Reportamos un caso de feohifomicosis subcutánea causada por Alternaria infectoria en el dorso de la mano izquierda y 4° falange de la mano derecha de un paciente de sexo masculino de 68 años de edad, que había sido sometido a un trasplante de riñón 35 meses antes. Se realizó escisión quirúrgica de la lesión. Después de un año, el paciente presentó una nueva lesión, esta vez en la 5° falange de la mano derecha causada por Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, lesión que también fue removida quirúrgicamente. El paciente no presentó nuevas lesiones después de las cirugías. Las pruebas de susceptibilidad antifúngica fueron realizados utilizando cinco antifúngicos (anfotericina B, itraconazol, 5-fluorcitosina, fluconazol y voriconazol). Alternaria infectoria presentó resistencia a los cinco antifíngicos y C. gloeosporioides fue susceptible solamente a anfotericina B y voriconazol. Enfatizamos la necesidad de realizar estudios histopatológicas y microbiológicos de nuevas lesiones de feohifomicosis, ya que el mismo paciente fue infectado por dos hongos diferentes.

Toxigenic profile and AFLP variability of Alternaria alternata and Alternaria infectoria occurring on wheat

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the ability to produce alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) and tenuazonic acid (TA) by A. alternata and A. infectoria strains recovered from wheat kernels obtained from one of the main production area in Argentina; to confirm using AFLPs molecular markers the identify of the isolates up to species level, and to evaluate the intra and inter-specific genetic diversity of these two Alternaria species. Among all the Alternaria strains tested (254), 84% of them were able to produce mycotoxins. The most frequent profile of toxin production found was the co-production of AOH and AME in both species tested. TA was only produced by strains of A. alternata. Amplified fragment polymorphism (AFLPs) analysis was applied to a set of 89 isolates of Alternaria spp (40 were A. infectoria and 49 were A. alternata) in order to confirm the morphological identification. The results showed that AFLPs are powerful diagnostic tool for differentiating between A. alternata and A. infectoria. Indeed, in the current study the outgroup strains, A. tenuissima was consistently classified. Characteristic polymorphic bands separated these two species regardless of the primer combination used. Related to intraspecific variability, A. alternata and A. infectoria isolates evaluated seemed to form and homogeneous group with a high degree of similarity among the isolates within each species. However, there was more scoreable polymorphism within A. alternata than within A. infectoria isolates. There was a concordance between morphological identification and separation up to species level using molecular markers. Clear polymorphism both within and between species showed that AFLP can be used to asses genetic variation in A. alternata and A. infectoria. The most important finding of the present study was the report on AOH and AME production by A. infectoria strains isolated from wheat kernels in Argentina on a semisynthetic media for the first time. Also, specific bands for A. alternata and A. infectoria have been identified; these may be useful for the design of specific PCR primers in order to differentiate these species and to detect them in cereals.

Qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de erva-doce (Foeniculum vulgare Mill. ) armazenadas / Physiological and sanitary quality of fennel seeds stored

A incidência de fungos em sementes interfere negativamente o seu potencial fisiológico, podendo ter início no campo, durante o armazenamento ou na pós-colheita. Desta forma o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de erva-doce armazenadas em diferentes embalagens. O trabalho foi realizado no Laboratório de análise de sementes da UFPB, em Areia-PB. As sementes foram colhidas em plantas tratadas e não tratadas com inseticida Actara, beneficiadas e acondicionadas nas embalagens papel alumínio, saco plástico e vidro. Em seguida, armazenadas em câmara fria durante 315 dias. Inicialmente e a cada 45 dias foram realizados as seguintes determinações e testes: teor de água, emergência de plântulas, primeira contagem de emergência, índice de velocidade de emergência, comprimento e massa seca das plântulas e sanidade das sementes pelo método "blotter-test". Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, os tratamentos foram distribuídos em fatorial 2 x 3 x 8 (com e sem inseticida, 3 embalagens e 8 períodos de avaliação). Os resultados indicam que a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de erva-doce foi principalmente afetada pelo fungo Alternaria sp., ocorrendo a manutenção da viabilidade das sementes por aproximadamente 95 dias na embalagem de saco plástico; a aplicação do inseticida Actara mantém a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de Foeniculum vulgare no armazenamento.

The fungi incidence in seeds affect negatively their physiological potential may begin in the field, during storage or in post-harvest. The objective was to evaluate the sanitary quality of fennel seeds stored in packagings differents. The study was conducted in laboratory analysis of seeds of UFPB, in Areia-PB. Seeds were harvested in experimental field with plants treated and untreated with insecticide Actara, processed and packed in aluminum foil, plastic bag and glass and stored in cold chamber during 315 days. Initially and every 45 days were performed the following tests and determinations: water content, seedling emergence, first count of emergency, emergency speed index, length and seedling dry mass and seed health by the "blotter-test." We used a completely randomized design with four replications, the treatments were distributed in a factorial 2 x 3 x 8. The results indicated that the physiological quality of fennel seeds was negatively affected by the fungus Alternaria sp., occurring at maintaining the viability of seeds for about 95 days in the plastic bag packaging; the application of the insecticide Actara keeps the physiological quality of seeds of Foeniculum vulgare in storage.

Study of the interactions between Penicillium oxalicum Currie & Thom and Alternaria alternata (Fr. ) Keissler

The aim of this research was the analysis of the possible antagonistic effect of Penicillium oxalicum over the pathogen rice fungus A. alternata under different conditions of temperature, water activity and culture media. The macroscopic study of the dual growth revealed that according to the Index of Dominance P. oxalicum was more competitive that A. alternata at 25ºC whereas at 15ºC was this species. Microscopic analysis showed that P. oxalicum was a mycoparasite of A. alternata at all conditions tested. The antagonist penetrated into A. alternata and disintegrated its conidiophores and conidia. The results suggests that P. oxalicum may be a possible biological control agent of the rice pathogens in a future.

[Survey of storage wheat contamination to zearalenone producer Fusarium species in East Azarbaidgjan]

Contamination of storage wheat to zearalenone producer molds represents a significant hazard to consumer health and has thus received increasing attention from food safety authorities and legislators. Various species of Fusarium genus are producer of different mycotoxins including zearalenone at certain conditions. These mycotoxins can enter into the human food and animal feed chain and cause premature or early thelarche, gynecomastia, primary and secondary mycotoxicosis in humans and animals. In this survey, contamination of 162 randomly collected wheat samples to zearalenone producer Fusarium was investigated using direct microscopic examination and culturing samples in specific media. From studied 162 collected wheat samples, 160 [99%] samples had fungal contamination. Aspergillus niger, Penicillium Sp, other species of Asergillus [A. Fumigatus, A. Flavous, A. Niveus, A. cchraceus,..] Fusarium Sp, Alternaria Sp, Cladesporium Sp, Gliocladium Sp. and Trichotecium Sp. were the most frequently detected microorganisms respectively. The presence of moulds sue as Aspergillus Sp, Penicillium Sp, Fusarium Sp, Alternaria Sp, Cladesporium Sp, Gliocladium Sp, and Trichotecium Sp. in consumer wheat samples can lead to the presence of harmful mycotoxins and then could result in serious toxicity and illness in humans. As the fungal contamination has a strong influence on the ultimate quality of wheat, wheat end products and food safety, more attention to the quality and safety of wheat and wheat stored places are necessary

Comparison of methodologies for conidia production by Alternaria alternata from citrus / Comparação de metodologias para produção de conídios por Alternaria alternata do citros

Conidia production is a problem in the study of Alternaria alternata from citrus. Thus, this study aimed to compare existing methodologies for conidial production of A. alternata isolated from Ponkan tangerine (2 isolates), Cravo lemon (1 isolate), Pêra orange (2 isolates) and Murcott tangor (1 isolate). The methodologies used were conidia production with 12 and 24 hours under white fluorescent light, evaluation with 24 and 48 hours after applying fungal mycelium stress technique, cold stress followed by injury of mycelium and evaluation with 24 hours, using healthy vegetable tissue and the use of black fluorescent near ultraviolet (NUV) lamp. Satisfactory result was obtained with A. alternata isolate from Murcott tangor, with the production of 2.8 x 10(5) conidia mL-1, when fungal mycelium was stressed (Petri dish with 66.66 percent of fungi growth) and subsequently 24 h of growth. The use of white light (24 h) and black fluorescent NUV lamp also induced expressive conidia production by one isolate of Ponkan tangerine, which produced 17.2 x 10(5) and 10.1 x 10(5) conidia mL-1 and another of Murcott tangor, which produced 13.9 x 10(5) and 10.1 x 10(5) conidia mL-1, respectively. The remaining methodologies analyzed in this study were not able to induce conidia production in satisfactory quantity. The use of both mycelium stress technique and white light (24 h) and black fluorescent NUV lamp allowed the production of enough quantities of conidia to be used in vitro (detection of fungitoxic substances)and in vivo (pathogenicity test)assays, respectively.

A produção de conídios consiste em problema no estudo de Alternaria alternata do citros. Assim, este estudo objetivou comparar metodologias existentes para a produção de conídios de A. alternata por dois isolados de tangerina Ponkan, um de limão Cravo, dois de laranja Pêra e um de tangor Murcott. As metodologias empregadas foram a produção de conídios com 12 e 24 horas sob luz branca, avaliação com 24 e 48 horas após estressamento do micélio do fungo, choque térmico com imediato estressamento do micélio e avaliação com 24 horas, produção de conídios pelo emprego de tecido vegetal sadio e o emprego de luz negra ultravioleta. Produção satisfatória de conídios foi obtida com o isolado de A. alternata de tangor Murcott, a qual foi de 2,8 x 10(5) conídios mL-1, mediante emprego da técnica de estressamento da colônia e cultivo do fungo por 24 horas. Os empregos de luz branca (24 h) e negra ultravioleta promoveram expressiva produção de conídios por um isolado de tangerina Ponkan, a qual foi de 17,2 x 10(5) e 10,1 x 10(5) conidios mL-1 e por outro de tangor Murcott, a qual foi de 13,9 x 10(5) e 10,1 x 10(5) conídios mL-1, respectivamente. As outras metodologias analisadas neste estudo não foram capazes de induzir a produção de conídios em quantidade satisfatória. Com o emprego das técnicas de estressamento do micélio e a utilização de luz branca (24 h) e negra ultravioleta, tornou-se possível obter quantidades de conídios suficientes para serem utilizadas em testes in vitro (detecção de substâncias fungitóxicas)e in vivo (testes de patogenicidade), respectivamente.

Effect of some fungi species on the biology of tyrophagus putrescentiae [Schr.]

The effect of different fungi species, [Aspergillus Carcincus, Verticillium sp., Helminthosporium turicum, Diplodia sp. and Alternaria tenuis] on the biology of Tyrophagus putrescentiae was measured under the laboratory conditions 27 +/- 2°c with 65 +/- 5%RH. All different stages affected by the used fungi. The shortest period of immature stages occurred under feeding on fungi Aspergillus carcinicus by females and males. Feeding on Alternaria tenuis by females and males prolonged the period of immature stages. It also prolonged the female and male life span [36.3days and 31.7 days respectively] in comparison with the other used fungi. The number of deposited eggs by the adult female also affected by feeding on different fungi species. Concerning the adult longevity, it was significantly differed when mites fed on the different tested fungi .Generally female longevity was longer than male when feeding on any of the used fungi. The maximum longevity of Tyrophagus putrescentiae was observed when rearing on Alternaria tenuis

Assessment of indoor air fungi in Western-Anatolia, Turkey.

This study was conducted to determine fungal spores in the indoor air of the houses in the city of Afyon, Western-Anatolia, Turkey. We investigated the seasonal properties of mould spores in 10 houses of Afyon over a period of one year. Viable moulds were recovered from all 10 houses. Twenty seven different moulds were isolated and identified from the indoor air of the houses. The most common genus was Cladosporium spp. (31.9%), followed by Aspergillus spp. (18.6%), Penicillium spp. (15.5%), Altemaria spp. (13.0%) and other species (21.0%). The mould concentration was higher in the kitchens than in other parts of the houses such as the living rooms and bedrooms (p < 0.05). The fungal flora of the air in the Afyon city region has a seasonal variation. All fungal species had their highest prevalence in summer and their lowest in winter, but only Aspergillus spp. had a significant seasonal variation (p = 0.012). Viable moulds are common in the houses of Afyon. Reducing these indoor fungi is necessary to improve the health of individuals with fungal-induced diseases like asthma.

Detection of fungi spectrum in industrial and home bakeries and determinated fungal allergy with skin prick test.

Airborne fungal pathogens such as Penicillium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Trichophyton, and Alternaria may cause health problems. In this research, the fungal flora at different bakeries and their potential allergenic effects on the workers were investigated. We investigated 148 workers at 17 industrial type bakeries and 62 workers at 17 home type bakeries in Afyon. Our study was performed in two different seasons and climates, between January 2004 and June 2004. Fungal flora was detected by using Petri-dish method. In the winter, Penicillium was the dominant genus, while Cladosporium was the dominant genus during the summer, in both types of bakeries. The allergenic properties of dominant culturable fungi on workers involved in the bakeries were determined with the skin-prick test. It was found that with workers in the industrial type bakeries, the most common skin test positivity was caused by Penicillium. In the other hand, the skin test positivity, performed on workers in the home type bakeries, was equally caused by Penicillium, Trichophyton and Aspergillus.

Seasonal behaviour of keratinophilic fungi isolated from parks soil in Milán

Soil samples collected from 10 parks in Milan were examined for the presence of keratinophilic fungi by the Orr’s hair baiting technique. The organisms isolated and their frequency were as follows: Arthroderma uncinatum and its anamorph Keratinomyces ajelloi were dominant and recovered from 22.5 percent - 43.7 percent and 40 por ciento - 50 percent of the soil samples collected in summer and winter respectively. Myceliophthora vellerea was isolated in 31.2 percent of the samples, particularly in winter, Microsporum gypseum in winter (20 percent) and Trichophyton terrestre (10 percent) in summer. Chrysosporium keratinophilum (16.2 percent in summer and 18.7 percent in winter) C. indicum (15 percent s- 23.7 percent w), C. pannicola (5 percent s - 37 percent w). Aphanoascus fulvescens was isolated in summer (23.7 percent). Among the cycloheximide-resistant keratinophilic fungi Alternaria alternata (27.5 percent s – 33.7 percent w), Paecilomyces lilacinus (26.2 percent s - 18.7 percent w) and Acremonium strictum (8.7 percent s - 20 percent w) also were observed. The distribution of the different species is discussed.

Se examinaron muestras de suelo procedentes de 10 parques de Milán para determinar la presencia de hongosqueratinofilicos utilizando la técnica de Orr. Los organismos aislados y su frecuencia fueron: Arthroderma uncinatum y su anamorfo Keratinomyces ajelloi fueron dominantes y se recuperaron desde un 22,5 por ciento-43,7 por ciento y 40 por ciento- 50 por ciento de las muestras de suelo colectadas en verano e invierno respectivamente. Myceliophthora Vellerea fue detectada en el 31,2 por ciento de las muestras, particularmente en invierno, Microsporum gypseum en invierno (20 por ciento) y Trichophyton terrestre (10 por ciento) en verano. Chrysosporium keratinophilum (16.2 por ciento en verano y 18.7 por ciento en invierno) C. indicum (15 por ciento v - 23.7 por ciento i), C. Pannicola (5 por ciento v - 37 por ciento i). Aphanoascus fulvescens fue aislado en verano (23.7 por ciento). Entre los hongos queratinofílicos resistentes a la Cicloheximida, se presentó Alternaria alternata (27.5 por ciento v – 33.7 por ciento i), Paecilomyces lilacinus (26.2 por ciento v - (8.7 por ciento i) y Acremonium strictum (8.7 por ciento v- 20 por ciento i). Se discute la distribución de las diferentes especies.

Notas micológicas II: alternaria alternata (fr) keissler. aggr. forma hialina y spicellum roseum nicot & roquebert / Mycological notes II: alternaria alternata (fr) keissler. aggr. hyaline form and spicellum roseum nicot & roquebert

Se informa el hallazgo de dos raros aislamientos fúngicos: el primero consiste en una cepa de alternaria alternata aggr. f. hialina aislada desde ramas y hojas del espino (acacia caven mol.), un arbusto endémico de la zona central de Chile y el segundo, una cepa de spicellum roseum desde granos de maíz. Se comentan y comparan algunos datos morfológicos y de crecimiento de ambas cepas, incluyendo al mismo tiempo un anterior aislamiento de spicellum roseum desde otro ambiente, aportándo nuevos datos sobre la distribución de la especie

Estudio de la flora fúngica ambiental de la biblioteca de la Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Universidad Nacional del Litoral / Study the environmental fungi at the library of the Faculty of Chemical Engineering (UNL)

Se analizó la flora fúngica ambiental de la biblioteca de la Facultad de Ingeniería Química de la Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, a los fines de evaluar los posibles riesgos tantos para la salud de los asistentes como por el probable deterioro de las colecciones existentes. El muestreo se realizó con un equipo SAS (sistema de aire sólido) que aspira 100 litros de aire por minuto, a 1,5 m de altura durante un min., por duplicado, entre las 11,30 y 12,30 horas. Se utilizó MEA + antibiótico (agar extracto de malta, cloranfenicol 100 mg por ciento). Se llevaron a cabo dos muestreos en condiciones ambientales diferentes: Muestreo A: Temperatura 16,5 ºC, Humedad Relativa 75 por ciento, Presión 1015,4 hPa. El salón de publicaciones periódicas presentó una carga fúngica de 25 UFC/m3 y el archivo 95 UFC/m3. Los géneros fúngicos aislados fueron: Cladosporium spp, Penicillium sp, Trichoderma sp, Aspergillus spp, Alternaria sp y Acremonium sp. Muestreo B: Temperatura 20 ºC, Humedad Relativa 95 por ciento, Presión 1013,7 hPa. El salón de publicaciones periódicas presentó una carga fúngica de 290 UFC/m3 y el archivo 360 UFC/m3. Los géros fúngicos aislados fueron: Cladosporium spp, Humicola sp, Aspergillus spp, Alternaria sp y Acremonium sp. Si bien en ambos muestreos no se detectaron valores altos de contaminación, éstos resultaron significativamente superiores en condiciones de humedad relativa y temperatura mayores. Se destaca que alguno de los mohos aislados como: Trichoderma viride y Humicola sp poseen una lata capacidad celulolítica deteriorante y otros: Cladosporium spp, Aspergillus spp, Acremonium sp y Alternaria sp son agentes de reconocida participación en procesos clínicos patógenos y en afecciones alérgicas

Los alergenos del ambiente tabacalero / Allergens of tobacco environment

Se halló 16 a 60 esporos fúngicos/litro aire y de 100 a 100.000 esporos de actinomicetos termófilos/g polvo del piso en los secaderos de tabaco. Los hongos eran Alternaria sp (21 por ciento), Aspergillus sp (15 por ciento), Asp. fumigatus (7 por ciento), Asp. glaucus (5,5 por ciento), Asp. nidulans (13,3 por ciento), Chaetomiun sp (2,3 por ciento), Chrysosporium spp (5,5 por ciento), Cladosporium sp (3,1 por ciento), Curvularia sp (0,8 por ciento), Dactylaria sp (3,1 por ciento), Nogrospora sp (5,5 por ciento), Penicillium spp (11,7 por ciento), Talaromyces sp (2,3 por ciento) y no identificado (3,9 por ciento). Los Thermoactinomyces eran Tha. thalpophilus (66,6 por ciento), Tha. sacchari (6,7 por ciento), Tha. vulgaris (6,7 por ciento) y otros Tha. spp (20 por ciento). También el humo de cigarrillos contenía esporos viables de Thermoactinomyces. El 7 ñ 3,3 por ciento de los trabajadores tenían anticuerpos anti-Tha. thalpophilus demostrados por doble inmunodifusión

Hongos del maiz de interés en pre y post-cosecha en el norte de Italia: microcomunidades asociadas a raíces y hojas / Pre and post harvest fungi of interest in norther Italy: microcommunities associated to roots and leaves

Mediante técnicas de lavado y esterilización superficial, se analizó mensualmente en la zona norte de Italia, la variación estacional de la micota de raíces, hojas y semillas (éstas últimas, sólo previo a su siembra), durante el ciclo vegetativo de 3 cultivares de maíz (aida, hawaiano, hibisco). La mayor cantidad de aislamientos con ambas metodología y en todos los sustratos sembrados en PDA y agar agua, correspondió al cultivo aida. Los taxa más frecuente en raíz, fueron: fusarium, oxysporum, rhizopus stolonifer, trichoderma viride, alternaria alternata, pyrenochaeta terrestris, ramichloridium sp., penicillium spp. y epicoccum purpurascens. En hoja, en cambio, se observó un orden y presencia diferentes. Como modelos de variación estacional, se seleccionaron los integrantes de los 8 taxa o grupos de taxa más frecuentes en raíz y hoja: (alternaria, epicoccum, fusarium, pyrenochaeta-phoma spp., rhizopus, trichoderma, drechslera-bipolaris spp. y penicillium spp.), donde solo los tres últimos presentaron variaciones de magnitud. F. oxysporum, fue dominante en todos los sustratos (80 por ciento), mientras f. moniliforme (gibberella fujikuroi) fue escaso, salvo en las hojas (14 por ciento). En las semillas de los 3 cultivares, las especies frecuentes fueron: f. oxysporum, penicillium spp., c. cladosporioides y f. moniliforme, mientras el mayor número de aislamientos se detectó en aida. A pesar de las buenas condiciones de manejo y al uso de agrotóxicos, se detectó: ustilago zeae, diplodia zeae maydis, bipolaris maydis, botrytis cinerea, f. moniliforme (gibberella fujikuroi), macrophomina phaseolina y pyrenochaeta terrestris). Entre las especies toxicogénicas a. flavus, se aisló sólo en la rizósfera, mientras debe considerarse en post-cosecha la frecuencia constante de los géneros alternaria, fusarium y penicillium

Variación anual de la micoflora en hogares de pacientes asmáticos en la ciudad de Santa fe / Annual variation of the mycoflora in home of asthmatic patients in the Santa Fe city

Mold allergy in frequently involved in the etiopathogenesis of allergy respiratory diseases and it is important for us to determine the fungal classes that most frequently cohabit with men in our region, and under which condition of temperature and humidity they mostly develop. Mycological flora was studied bimonthly in 1989, in 8 homes from Santa Fe City, by exposing three dishes (90 mm) for 20 min. in bathrooms, kitchens and bedrooms. Afterwards, the dishes were incubated for 10 days at 28ºC. Taxonomic identification was made by microscopy of the mature sporulating colonies. Alternaria was the fungal class most frequently found (64 por ciento), followed by Cladospotium (11,4 por ciento), Aspergillus (9,2 por ciento), Curvularia (7 por ciento), Penicillium (4 por ciento), Fusarium (1,2 por ciento) and others (3,2 por ciento). Concerning the rooms, altemaria and Cladosporium were mostly found in kitchens, un like the classes Aspergillus, penicillium and Curvularia that were mostly found in bedrooms. Considering all the colonies as a whole, the totals of each room were: for kitchens 50 por ciento: for bedrooms 28,5 por ciento: and for bathrooms, 21,5 por ciento. The greatest concentration of total colonies was found to those month varied from 70 to 75 por ciento, and the average temperature was stated between 16 and 22ºC. According to the medium values for temperature and humidity in Santa Fe City, spring in the most suitable season for in home molds to develop, being the kitchen the room where a greater number of colonies was found

Microflora anemófila de la ciudad de Resistencia / Mycoflora anemophilous of the Resistencia city

Se estudió mediante la técnica de placas de agar abiertas, la presencia de hongos en 120 muestras de aire atmosférico de la ciudad de Resistencia (Argentina) tomadas en 12 lugares con gran movimiento de personas y de vehículos. Los cultivos se realizaron sobre medio de agar-papa-rifamicina a 28 grados C y a 42 grados C a fin de aislar especies mesófilas y termófilas. Se obtuvo desarrollo de hongos en todas las placas incubadas a 28 grados C (100 por ciento de positividad), mientras que de las incubadas a 42 grados C solo en una hubo desarrollo, que correspondió a A. fumigatus. Se aisló un total de 20 géneros de hongos, de los cuales se pudieron identificar 19 especies, quedando 3 aislamientos sin clasificación definitiva por tratarse de micelio estéril hialino, micelio amarillo con clamidosporas y micelio con picnidios. Las especies aisladas se clasificaron según sus frecuencias de aparición, de acuerdo al criterio de Yadav y Madelin en muy comunes, comunes, frecuentes, ocasionales y raras. Los géneros dominantes en la micobiota atmosférica estudiada fueron: Alternaria, Fusarium, Dreschlera, y Aspergillus que se presentaron en el 100 por ciento de las muestras, seguidos por Penicillium, Cladosporium, Curvularia y Rhodotorula que aparecieron en el 75 por ciento, 66,7 por ciento, 66,7 por ciento y 58,3 por ciento, respectivamente. Los resultados obtenidos revelan la existencia de una alta carga de esporas fúngicas en la atmósfera de la ciudad de Resistencia

Micoflora anemófila de la ciudad de Resistencia (Chaco) / Anemophila mycoflora of the Resistencia city (Chaco)

Se estudió mediante la técnica de placas de agar abiertas, la presencia de hongos en 120 muestras de aire atmosférico de la ciudad de Resistencia (Argentina) tomadas en 12 lugares con gran movimiento de personas y vehículos. Los cultivos se realizaron sobre medio de Agar-papa-rifamicina a 28 y a 42ºC a fin de aislar especies mesófilas y termófilas. Se obtuvo desarrollo de hongos en todas las placas incubadas a 28ºC (100 por ciento de positividad), mientras que las incubadas a 42ºC sólo en una hubo desarrollo, correspondiendo a A. fumigatus. Se aisló un total de 20 géneros micológicos, de los cuales se pudieron identificar 19 especies, quedando 3 aislados sin clasificación definitiva por tratarse de micelio estéril hialino, micelio amarillo con clamidosporas y micelio con picnidios. Las especies aisladas se clasificaron según sus frecuencias de aparición, de acuerdo al criterio de Yadav y Madelin en: muy comunes, frecuentes ocasionales y raras. Los géneros dominantes en la micobiota atmosférica estudiada fueron: Alternaria, Fusarium, Drechslera y Aspergillus que se presentaron en el 100 por ciento de las muestras, seguidos por Penicillium, Cladosporium, Curvularia y Rhodotorula que aparecieron en el 75 por ciento, 66,7 por ciento y 58,3 por ciento, respectivamente. Los resultados obtenidos revelan la existencia de una alta carga de esporas fúngicas en la atmósfera de la ciudad de Resistencia

Causes of blackening of infected spots of tomato fruits

Fruits of tomato infected with some pathogens especially Alternaria lycopersici showed substantial increases in levels of the aromatic amino-acids alpha amino butyric acid, tryptophane, tyrosine and phenylalanine when compared with the respective amino acids in the healthy plants of the same fruits. Also, total phenolic compounds and simple phenolic fractions namely: salicylic acid, orcinol, gallic acid and syringic acid as well as indole acetic acid and indole acetonitrile were increased in the infected tissue. Blackening of the infected spots was connected with the substantial increases of these compounds, the formation and transformation of which are responsive to the invading pathogens and to resist the resulting diseases